ABSTRACT

Two simple, sensitive, specific, spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of ceftaroline fosamil in bulk and Injection forms. The λmax of ceftaroline fosamil was found to be 245.2 nm in distilled water. The zero order UV Spectrophotometric method exhibits high sensitivity, with linearity and obeys beer’s law in the range of 2 – 10 μg/mL. The limit of detection and quantification were found to be 0.231 μg/mL and 0.7019 μg/mL respectively. While area under curve for zero order spectrum of ceftaroline fosamil was measured from 235 – 255 nm which obeys Beer’s law in the concentration range of 2 – 10 μg/mL. These methods were fully validated according to ICH guidelines. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.223μg/mL and 0.669 μg/m, respectivelyL. Hence it could be concluded that the proposed methods would be suitable for the analysis of ceftaroline fosamil in bulk and pharmaceutical preparations.

Keywords: Ceftaroline fosamil, UV – Spectorphotometric methods, Validation.

ABSTRACT

Two simple, accurate, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric methods (A and B) have been developed for estimation of cefprozil in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations. The methods A and B were based on oxidation of Cefprozil with ferric chloride followed by complex formation with MBTH (3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone) and 1,10- phenanthroline, respectively. The complex shows maximum absorbance at 658 nm and 510 nm for method A and B respectively. The beers law concentration range is 100-500 mcg/ml and 2-10 mcg/ml for method A and B respectively. The results of all the methods were validated statistically and by recovery studies. The proposed methods are economical and sensitive for the estimation of Cefprozil in bulk drug and tablet dosage form.

Keywords: Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry, Cefprozil, MBTH, 1,10-Phenanthroline.

ABSTRACT

The pharmaceutical analysis comprises the procedures necessary to determine the “identity, strength, quality and purity” of such compounds. It also includes the analysis of raw material and intermediates during manufacturing process of drugs. Spectrophotometry is generally preferred especially by small-scale industries as the cost of the equipment is less and the maintenance problems are minimal. The method of analysis is based on measuring the absorption of a monochromatic light by colorless compounds in the near ultraviolet path of spectrum (200-380nm). The photometric methods of analysis are based on the Bouger-Lambert-Beer’s law, which establishes that the absorbance of a solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the analyte. The fundamental principle of operation of spectrophotometer covering UV region consists in that light of definite interval of wavelength passes through a cell with solvent and falls on to the photoelectric cell that transforms the radiant energy into electrical energy measured by a galvanometer. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is used to obtain the absorbance spectra of a compound in solution or as a solid. Keywords: Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Bouger-Lambert-Beer’s law, Analytical chemistry.

ABSTRACT

Even though possess several advantages topical formulations have some drawbacks such as the need to contain high concentrations of active agents for effective therapy due to the low efficiency of delivery system, resulting into irritation and allergic reactions in significant users. Other drawbacks of topical formulations are uncontrolled evaporation of active ingredient, unpleasant odor and potential in-compatibility of drugs with the vehicles. These drawbacks are overcome by microsponge drug delivery system. Microsponge delivery system consists of a polymeric bead having network of pores held with an active ingredient which maximizes the retention time of an active ingredient either on skin surface or within the epidermis thereby providing controlled release of drugs. Microsponge possess the versatility to load a wide range of actives providing the benefits of enhanced product efficacy, mildness, tolerability, and extended over to a wide range of skin therapies. Microsponge delivery system can be incorporated into conventional dosage forms such as creams, lotions, gels, ointments, and powder and share a broad package of benefits. This review covers the advantages of microsponges, their formulation and applications in pharmaceutical field.

Keywords: Topical, Microsponge, polymers, Vehicle, Epidermis.

ABSTRACT

The present work describes novel spectrophotometric method for the determination of Fe(II) and Zn(II) in multivitamin soft gel formulation. The method is based on formation of coloured complexes of Fe(II) and Zn(II) with 2,2’-Bipyridyl and Dithizone respectively. Fe(II) forms deep red colored chromogen with 2,2’-Bipyridyl having maximum absorbance at 510nm and Zn(II) complexes with dithizone to develop cherry red color having maximum absorbance at 525nm. Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 10 – 35 μg/ml for Fe(II) and 2 – 12 μg/ml for Zn(II). The detection limits were 1.85 μg/ml and 0.11 μg/ml for Fe(II) and Zn(II) respectively. The RSD values were, in all instances less than 2.0%. No interference was observed form common pharmaceutical adjuvants and both Fe(II) and Zn(II) were successfully determined in their dosage form.

Keywords: Fe(II), Zn(II), Soft Gel Capsule, Dithizone, 2,2’-Bipyridyl.

ABSTRACT

Combinatorial chemistry involves the rapid synthesis or the computer simulation of a large number of different but often structurally related molecules or materials. In a combinatorial synthesis, the number of compounds made increases exponentially with the number of chemical steps. In a binary light-directed synthesis, 2n compounds can be made in n chemical steps. Combinatorial chemistry is especially common in CADD (Computer aided drug design) and can be done online with web based software, such as Molinspiration. The present review focused on synthesis of molecules in a combinatorial fashion can quickly lead to large numbers of molecules.

Keywords: Combinatorial chemistry, Lead molecule, Applications.

Cardiorespiratory fitness is widely recognized as one of the strongest independent predictors of cardiovascular health, overall functional capacity, and long-term mortality, while excess adiposity remains a major modifiable contributor to the global burden of cardiometabolic diseases, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. Although body mass index (BMI) is commonly used to assess obesity, it does not distinguish between fat mass and lean body mass and may not adequately reflect the distribution of body fat, particularly central adiposity, which has been shown to exert a greater adverse effect on metabolic and cardiovascular health. Consequently, additional body composition measures such as body fat percentage, waist circumference, and waist–hip ratio have gained importance as indicators of obesity-related health risk. Understanding the relationship between these body composition parameters and cardiovascular fitness may provide valuable insights for early risk identification and preventive health strategies. Therefore, this crosssectional analytical study was conducted among 168 apparently healthy adults to examine the correlation between body composition parameters and cardiovascular fitness and to determine which adiposity measures were most strongly associated with predicted maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), a widely accepted indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness. Anthropometric measurements including BMI, waist circumference, waist–hip ratio, and body fat percentage were obtained, while cardiovascular fitness was assessed using a validated submaximal step test to estimate predicted VO2max. The analysis demonstrated significant inverse correlations between predicted VO2max and several measures of adiposity, with body fat percentage showing the strongest negative association (r ? ?0.55), followed by waist circumference (r ? ?0.48) and BMI (r ? ?0.42). Furthermore, predicted VO2max progressively declined across increasing BMI categories, indicating that individuals with higher levels of adiposity generally exhibited poorer cardiovascular fitness. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that body fat percentage remained an independent predictor of cardiorespiratory fitness even after adjustment for age, sex, and physical activity levels, highlighting its particular importance in determining functional cardiovascular capacity. These findings suggest that higher adiposity, especially increased body fat percentage and central fat accumulation, is associated with reduced cardiovascular fitness among adults. The results underscore the potential value of incorporating simple body composition assessments into routine health evaluations to identify individuals who may benefit from targeted lifestyle modification, exercise promotion, and weight-management interventions aimed at improving cardiovascular fitness and reducing future cardiometabolic risk. However, because of the cross-sectional nature of the study, causal relationships cannot be established, and longitudinal studies are required to determine whether changes in body composition directly translate into improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness over time